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To influence or replace individual alleles to change specific traits

They usually use viruses (not whole cells and not even considered living) carrying only the segments of DNA they want into the cores of the cells of the target organism.

Proteins

Proteins are not just muscle or even hair. The microscopic machines called enzymes are made of protein and proteins also act as "gates" and "keys" to determine what goes in and out of your cells. So every chemical, smell, texture, taste, shape, and color of an organism is determined by the proteins.

There are many proteins or fragments of proteins that our bodies are not good at disposing of because every complex protein needs specific other proteins to dismantle them; and unusual proteins can get in the way of important ones.

Some proteins can be shaped very similarly to special "key" proteins in our body and clog ports where other very important proteins need to be to get into cells or where they need to connect with enzymes to be changed in some way for specific body functions.